3- 101 to 200 important points in opthalmology

101- layers of retina from within outwards are : 1- stratum opticum
2- ganglionic layer
3- inner plexi form layer
4- inner nuclear layer ( layer of inner granules )
5- outer plexiform layer
6- outer nuclear layer ( layer of outer granules )
7- layer of rods and cones

102- a patient complains of pain both eyes with congestion , blurrng of vision , photophobia and mucopurulent discharge since one day , many cases
have been reported from the same community , causative agent is a- adeno virus b- entero virus 70 c- herpes simplex d- ECHO virus
----------- answer is entero virus 70 --- because in entero virus there is sudden onset and short duration , where as in adeno virus photophobia and epithelial keratitis
occurs 5 to 14 days after tearing and pain. ( pg- 313- ashish vol 2 )

103- a neonate 30 days old , presented with excessive lacrimatiion and photophobia , he has large and hazy cornea . his both lacrimal duct systems are normal , the diagnosis is ?
a- congenital glaucoma b- keratoconus ( keratoglobus ) c- megalocornea d- hunters syndrome
-----------answer is congenital glaucoma because the symptoms mentioned above are not seen in other three cases . when iop raises in children less than 3 years of age , the size of the globe
increases condition called buphthalmos .( pg 315 - ashish vol 2)

104- HAABS striae - corneal opacities due to rupture in descemets membrane - seen in buphthalmos - congenital glaucoma ( infantile glaucoma ).

105-a 12 year old boy presents with recurrent attacks of conjunctivitis for the last 2 years with intense itching and ropy discharge . the diagnosis is
---------------- VERNAL KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ( SPRING CATARRH - cobble stone ) ----- ropy discharge is the clue .

106- 60 year old male patient operated for cataract 6 months back now complains of floaters and sudden loss of vision , the diagnosis is ?
a - vitreous hemorrhage b- retinal detachment c- central retinal artery occlusion d- cystoid mcular edema
---------------answer is retinal detachment , because of all the options only a and b can cause floaters and out of the two vitreous hemorrhage is a acute complication
and the retinal complication is a long term complication .

107- causes of large cornea - keratoconus , megalocornea , bupthalomos ( congenital glaucoma )

108- late post operative complications of cataract surgery? after cataract ( Nd YAG laser ) , retinal detachment , cystoid macular edema , epithelial ingrowth , vitreous touch syndrome .

109- most common late postoperative complication of cataract surgery ? CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA

110- causes of floaters ? retinal detachment , vitreous hemorrhage , coats disease , eales disease , HTN retinopathy , DM retinopathy , SABE , leukemia , pars planitis, retinal branch vein occlusion, ( LPR )

111- causes of sudden painless loss of vision? CRAO , CRVO , RD , VH , Macular edema due to any cause , anterior ischemic optic neuropathy .

112- a 25 year old lady presents with severe sudden onset of pain , corneal congestion , photophobia and deep anterior chamber in the right eye . the left eye is normal . x ray pelvis shows , sacroiliitis ?
-------------the diagnosis is anterior uveitis . the lady is suffering from ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS and the most common ocular manifestation in AS is anterior uveitis . 3 men AS= 1 WOMEN AS.

113- the most common complication of hypermature sclerotic cataract is ? lens dislocation .

114- a male patient with a history of hypermature cataract presents with a 2 day history of ciliary congestion , photophobia , blurring of vision and on examination has a deep
anterior chamber in the right eye , the left eye is normal. the diagnosis is - a - phakomorphic glaucoma b- phakolytic glaucoma c- phakotoxic glaucoma d- phakoanaphylactic uveitis
------------------ ans is phacoanaphylactic uveitis ... no symptoms of glaucoma like severe pain , hazy cornea , fixed dilated pupil. - complications caused by hypermature morgagnian type of
cataract are phacolytic glaucoma( leaked proteins blocking the outflow ) and phacoanaphylactic uveitis ( leaked proteins inducing antigen antibody reaction ) .

115- paralytic patient presents with ? diplopia , deviation, confusion

116-nystagmus which is not pathological ? OPTOKINETIC

117-in a child with retinoblastoma , on x ray we can see ? intra orbital calcification , multiple cranial deposits and widening of the optic foramen. intracerebral calcification is not present .

118- one year old male child with cats eye reflex and increased intraocular tension , diagnosis ? RETINOBLASTOMA

119-what is amblyopia ? partial loss of sight in one or both eyes in the absence of opthalmoscopic or other marked objective signs . congenital or acquired . acquired can be organic ( toxic )
or functional. functional amblyopia results from the psychical suppression of the retinal image . it may be anisometric , strabismic or due to stimulus deprivation.

120- what is amblyopia ex anopsia ? amblyopia due to stimulus deprivation .

121- tests done for visual malingering ( one eye blind ) ? 1-convex lens test 2- prism base down test 3- prism base out test 4- snellens coloured types test ( a good eye can read
only red letters thru a red glass .)

122- what is amourosis ? complete loss of sight in one or both eyes in the absence of opthalmoscopic or other marked objective signs . types a- amaurosis fugax - sudden , temporary
and painless monocular visual loss occuring due to a transient failure of retinal circulation . common causes are carotid transient ischaemic attacks , embolization of retinal
circulation , papilledema , giant cell arteritis , raynaud's disease , migraine , as a prodromal symptom of CRAO or carotid artery occlusion , hypertensive retinopathy and venous
stasis retinopathy . b- uraemic amaurosis - sudden , bilateral ,complete loss of sight occuring probably due to the effect of certain toxic materials upon the cells of the visual centre
in patients suffering from acute nephritis , eclampsia of pregnancy and renal failure .visual loss is associated with dilated pupils which generally react to light , the fundi are usually
normal except for the coincidental findings of the hypertensive retinopathy , when associated . usuallly the vision recovers in 12 to 48 hours .

123- saccade - abrupt involuntary rapid eye movements .

124- field defect seen in pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas - BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPIA ( temporal halfs of both sides lost ) . lesion or compression at the optic chiasma .

125- amblyopia shud be corrected within how many years? 5 years

126- visual defect in optic chiasmal lesion ? bitemporal hemianopia .

127- what is homonymous hemianopia ? visual field defect in which in one eye nasal field is visible and in the other eye temporal field is visible .

128- paralysis of the 3rd , 4th and 6 th nerve with the paralysis of the opthalmic division of the 5 th nerve , localises the lesion to ? CAVERNOUS SINUS .

129- A 25 year old male gives a history of sudden painless loss of vision in one eye for the past 2 weeks .no history of trauma . on examination the anterior segment is normal but there is no
fundal glow . what is the diagnosis ? a- vitreous hemorrhage b- developmental cataract c- optic atrophy d- acute attack of angle closure glaucoma-----
--------- answer is vitreous hemorrhage ... development cataract - there is gradual loss , optic atrophy also gradual loss , angle closure glaucoma acute attack is associated with pain.

130- levator palpebrae superioris is supplied by which nerve ? oculomotor nerve

131- UVEITIS associated with VITILIGO and AUDITORY DEFECTS occurs in ? VOGT - KOYANAGI SYNDROME .

132- sympathetic opthalmia is ? BILATERAL NON SUPPURATIVE UVEITIS .

133- most common cause of anterior uveitis associated with arthritis ? ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.

134- the type of synechiae in iris bombe is ? RING TYPE .

135- SALT AND PEPPER FUNDUS IS SEEN IN ? CONGENITAL SYPHILIS .

136- visible retinal artery pulsations are seen in? increased intraocular tension

137-sudden increase in blood sugar in diabetics causes ? myopia

138- black floaters in a biabetic patient indicate ? vitreous hemorrhage .

139- an young adult male presents with sudden painless loss of vision , he recovered spontaneously within 3 months . diagnosis? central serous retinopathy.

140- berlin's edema is due to ? blunt injury .

141- vitreous hemorrhage in young adults indicates ? EALES DISEASE .

142- degree or development of diabetic retinopathy depends on ? duration of disease.

143- lens contains the oldest cells in ? the nucleus

144- the prominent ocular manifestation seen with the marfans syndrome? ectopia lentis .

145- typical glucocorticoids cause ? cataract and glaucoma .

146- commmonest cause of cataract ? age related .

147- retinal detachment is preceded by ? high myopia , trauma, floaters and flashes

148- laser used in the management of after cataracts ? Nd YAG laser .

149- atopic cataract is that which follows skin diseases like eczema .

150- CHRISTMAS TREE CATARACT IS SEEN IN ? MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY.

151- which type of cataract has high visual morbidity ? posterior subcapsular

152- a person suffered blunt trauma to the right eye with immediate loss of vision , on examination the anterior chamber is deep ? diagnosis ? lens dislocation.

153- IOL is mostly implanted in which chamber ? posterior chamber .

154- good vision in dim light and clumsy vision in day light is a feature of which type of cataract ? nuclear .

155- snow blindness is caused by ? ultravoilet rays .

156- diabetic cataract is due to accumulation of ? SORBITOL .

157- cataract is responsible for what percent of blindness in india ? 75 %

158- subluxation of lens is seen in ? MARFAN'S SYNDROME , MARCHESON'S SYNDROME , HOMOCYSTINURIA . there is no dislocation of lens in lowe syndrome
.
159- in cataract following operation , spectacles are advised after how many weeks of operation ? 6 WEEKS .

160- type of cataract produced by steroids ? posterior subcapsular.

161- cataract can be produced in experimental animals by depriving them of which amino acid? TRYPTOPHAN .

162- lens develops from ? surface ectoderm .

163- intraocular lenses are made up of ? PMMA

164- rider's cataract is seen in ? zonular or lamellar cataract.

165- a 55 year old female comes to the eye casualty with history of severe eye pain , redness and dimunition of vision , on examination the visual acuity is 6/60 ,
there is circumcorneal congesiton , corneal oedema and a shallow anterior chamber , which of the following is the best drug of choice?
a- atropine ointment b- i.v mannitol c-ciprofloxacin eye drops d-betamethasone eye drops .
---------- ans is i.v mannitol ..... as the diagnosis is acute angle closure glaucoma -- the other three drugs are not used in this case . the other drugs used in AACG are
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ( acetazolamide ), beta blockers( timolol, carteolol, levobetaxolol and levobumolol) , alpha agonists( apvaclonidine brominidine ) ,
opthalmic miotics , steroids and hyperosmotics ( mannitol , glycerine and isosorbide ) .

166- beta blockers are contraindicated in ? hypotension , asthma and depression.

167- the latest technique in cataract surgery is using ? LASER

168- Yttrium laser - after cataract surgery .

169- among the following 4 which is the ideal rehabilitation for aphakia ? a- spectacles b- contact lens c-anterior chamber intraocular lens d- posterior chamber IOL
---------- ans is posterior chamber iol.

170- a child 6 months old , large cornea and photophobia . diagnosis ? CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA . other causes for large cornea like keratoglobus and megalocornea are mostly
asymptomatic except for partial visual impairment seen only in keratoconus . keratoconus is only characterised by hazy cornea due to fragmentation of the bowmans layer .
there is no impairment of vision in megalocornea.

171- drug of choice for acute congestive glaucoma ? 1-2 % PILOCARPINE . ( miotic , muscarinic agonist ,also used in dry mouth and dry throat ( xerostomia )
which can occur as a side effect of radiation therapy to head and neck .as it increases the salivary secretions and sweat secretions . )

172- 100 days glaucoma is seen in ? CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

173- SAFE strategy( WHO VISION 2020 ) is used in the control of ? TRACHOMA .

174- corneal epithelium is ? stratified non keratinised epithelium.

175- cobble stone appearance of the conjuctiva is typically seen with ? SPRING CATARRH

176- tranta's spots alone are seen in vernal kerato conjunctivitis( SPRING CATARRH ) where as the trantas spots and herbert's pits together are seen in TRACHOMA .

177- features of trachoma are - pannus formation , follicles , papillary hypertrophy, herbert's pits and tranta's spots .

178- what is safe strategy ? surgery , antibiotics , facial cleanliness and environment improvement.

179- blindness in a child is most commonly due to ? keratomalacia - vit a deficiency .

180- horner trantas spots - vernal catarrh .

181- the colors best appreciated by the central cones of the fovea - macular region are ? RED AND GREEN .

182- mydriatic used in children for refraction is ? atropine ointment .

183- for refraction in a hypermetropic child , the best drug is ? atropine ointment

184- the term anisometropia indicates refractive error .

185- most sensitive part of the eye ? fovea centralis .

186- what all can be detected by indirect opthalmoscopy ? periphery of the retina , examination of the fovea , examination of the ora serrrata. the base of the vitreous cannot be
viewed by indirect opthalmoscopy .

187- ocular diseases given importance in vision 2020 program ? cataract , trachoma , glaucoma . refractive errors are not given importance .

188- Homonymous hemianopia caused by lesion in ? optic tract , optic radiation and occipital cortex .

189- in paralytic squint - secondary deviation is greater than the primary deviation .

190- nystagmus which is not pathological ? OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS .

191- basal cell carcinoma at inner canthus of eye treatment? WIDE EXCISION AND RECONSTRUCTION .

192- NADPH DEPENDENT ALDOLASE REDUCTASE - enzyme responsible for accumulation of sorbitol in lens in diabetic patients which leads to cataract.

193- causes for pseudo proptosis? bupthalmos , retraction of the upper eyelid and high axial myopia .

194- most common type of lid carcinoma ? basal cell carcinoma .

195- steroid induced cataract is mostly - posterior subcapsular .

196- most common systemic association of scleritis ? RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS .

197- under the national programme for control of blindness who is supposed to conduct the vision screening of school students ?
--------school teachers .

198- crocodile tears are seen with abnormal facial nerve regeneration.

199- most common allergic manifestation of tuberculosis ? KOEPPE'S NODULES .

200- koeppe's and busaca's nodules are characteristic of - GRANULOMATOUS UVEITIS .